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discuss nature vs nurture in gender development - 901 Words

Discuss the nature v nurture debate in gender development There are generally two sides to the nature versus nurture debate of gender. The nature side of the argument states sex and gender is for the most part, biologically determined and that the two sexes think and act differently, often in opposing ways. Also that gender is fixed and not much changing across cultures and time periods. On the other side of the debate is nurture. The nurture side of the debate states that gender which is the way that sex is shown in the outside world, is socially manufactured. They believe that men and women are taught explicitly and implicitly how to be men and women. The nature side of the debate states that gender is biologically determined. This†¦show more content†¦Mead concluded that gender roles were dependent on cultures. In most societies, women are the careers and the men breadwinners but this is not the case all over the world. Mead carried out a very detailed observation of the tribes she lived with but on doing so she may have become too involved. For this reason, her findings are sometimes criticised to being too subjective. Mead was accused of bias in the way she interpreted her findings. The exaggerated the similarities between the sexes in the Arapesh and Mundugamor tribes. She also under-stated the fact that males were more aggressive than females in all of the tribes. Even in the Tchambuli tribe, it was the men who did the majority of fighting in times of war. This may support the theory that some gender –specific behaviours are innate. The nurture side of the debate states gender is essentially a product of socialisation. It is dependent on environmental experiences. Family upbringing and society’s expectation would therefore play an important role in gender. This would then mean that most boys learn to behave masculine and girls learn to behave a feminine way. The nurture argument can explain why some people, adopt the gender role not expected of their sex. In theory, a feminine boy would have had some experiences that had led him to acquire a different gender role from most boys. If gender roles are nurtured, it also explains why an individual’s gender may change over time asShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Of Early Childhood Development932 Words   |  4 PagesGender Roles in Early Childhood Development In a society filled with gender stereotypes, children often adopt gender roles as they move from childhood to adolescence because of the many factors that influence their views to the point they will deny certain roles because it does not fit the gender bias. During the early years, boys and girls will usually be drawn towards gender specific activities. Playing house for example, they little boy will imitate going to work, while the little girl will imitateRead MoreHuman Brain And Human Brains1477 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess information. This article aims to discuss the differences of human brain compared to other animal brains, and what makes us humans so unique in our responsive reactions in how we process information. More specifically, this paper will examine the influences the environment has on our human brains and how the changing environment influences our brain evolution in how we respond. Firstly, it is important to understand the evolution and development of human brain. An interesting idea is thatRead MoreSdffdgdfgfdg1230 Words   |  5 Pages | |Demonstrate knowledge of the historical context within which the discipline of |Understand the role of culture and the shaping of society, as well as development of the | |sociology evolved: |individual: | |Identify key early sociologists and the sociological conceptsRead MoreDiscuss the Nature-Nurture Debate in Relation to Individual Development (M1)2187 Words   |  9 PagesDiscuss the nature-nurture debate in relation to individual development (M1) Evaluate the nature-nurture debate in relation to development of the individual (D1) Over the course of the last century one of the greatest debates in psychology concerns, the basis of behaviour, specifically whether behaviour is innate i.e. genetically controlled, or whether it is learnt through the socio-cultural environment. This is often referred to as the Nature vs. Nurture debate. There are two main arguments onRead MoreM1 AND D1 Development through life stages3017 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Discuss the nature-nurture debate in relation to the development of the individual (M1) Evaluate how nature and nurture may affect the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of two stages of the development of the individual (D1). Nature can be loosely defined as genetic inheritance or the genetic makeup (the information encoded in your genes) which a person inherits from both parents at the time of conception and carries throughout life. Several things in an individual geneticallyRead MoreWhat Does The Practice Of Transgenderism Suggest About The Difference Between Sex And Gender?2114 Words   |  9 Pagessuggest about the difference between sex and gender? In this paper, I will talk about the differences of sex and gender from the aspect of transgenderism. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the sex and gender. Whenever a human born, they always have a natural sex with them. Sex, a more biologic and physiological meaning, which means two main categories, male or female, into which organisms are placed on this basis. On the other hand, gender is a social meaning pertaining to masculinityRead MoreHeredity vs. Environment in Human Development Essay example2307 Words   |  10 PagesHeredity vs. Environment in Human Development Nature- inborn traits and characteristics inherited from parents Nurture- environmental influences, both before and after birth ACTIVE (organism) VS PASSIVE (mechanistic) Organismic- People are active growing organisms that set their own development in motion ACT not react to environmental influences *cannot predict behavior by simple responses to environmental stimulus Emphasize qualitative change, see development occurringRead MoreThe Effect of Genetic, Environmental and Cultural Factors on Learning2722 Words   |  11 Pagesinterpretation of learning and development, based on many years of research. In addition, the argument of Nature vs. Nurture is of paramount importance to their research, findings and beliefs. Before starting to analyse what factors affect learning and development, I need to establish and define what learning and development actually mean. Questions I have to ask myself when researching this topic are as follows:  · What is learning and development?  · Are they interlinkedRead MoreSocialization : Explain Nature Vs Nurture Debate2070 Words   |  9 PagesDESCRIBE socialization, then EXPLAIN nature versus nurture debate. What is your position and why? What MAIN idea did each of the 6 theorists contribute to our understanding of human socialization? (You only need to give the top idea – for example: â€Å"Freud gave us a model of human personality.†) (Page #s) Socialization is the process of a person s personality throughout a lifetime viewed by experiences. Nurture VS. Nature debate how we develop our personality. Nurture is by watching things in societyRead MoreThe Autism Spectrum Disorder And Savant Syndrome2313 Words   |  10 Pages The people with accurate knowledge were people in school or who worked as childcare workers. Media was found to be a key source of information for minorities and this may have cultural implications. There are some minorities that are ashamed to discuss mental disorders and are unlikely to seek medical help. Culture has a huge impact on how people act and this includes how we seek treatment for perceived problems. Gona, Newton, et. al explored this on the Kenyan coast between two countries and across

The Early Development Of Human Consciousness - 1448 Words

The early development of human consciousness seems to have given humans a genetic predisposition to the belief in religion. During this early development many chemicals known as entheogens were used during religious sacraments and ceremonies, especially during times when religion was undergoing critical stages of development. Once early humans could communicate concepts effectively they utilized experiences derived from such substances in the integration of theological belief systems. Describing psychoactive substances without using a word that has a negative connotation attached to it can be difficult. In an effort to combat this problem, a committee under the chairmanship of Carl Ruck described â€Å"after trying out a number of words he came up with entheogen, ‘god generated within’, which his committee unanimously adopted† (Wasson 30). Psychoactive substances, or entheogens, have been researched for years by scientists, however, research into their historical significance is severely limited. The origin of religion cannot simply be looked at through the perspective of entheogens, there are many factors associated with it which spread multiple fields. Science, sociology, history, archeology, psychology, chemistry and botany all cross over when researching this subject. James McClenon has argued that the conceptions of religion have their origins in the evolution of psychophysiological structures associated with hypnotizability. If one is susceptible to a hypnotic tranceShow MoreRelatedConsciousness Is The Way Beings Have Their Own Personal Experiences1311 Words   |  6 PagesConsciousness is the way beings have their own personal experiences in their minds. In other words, how they experience every day situations in their own personal view or perspective. Ned Block (1995) explains that â€Å"phenomenal consciousness is experience; what makes a state phenomenally conscious is that there is something ‘it is like’ to be in that state.† Susan Blackmore (2012) said that consciousness was subjective; meaning consciousness is personal and cannot be shared with anyone else. StudyRead MoreEssay on Theoretical Positions of Jung, Adler, and Freud1471 Words   |  6 PagesPSY/310 January 30, 2012 Kelle Daniels * * Early Psychological Theory While science worked diligently to quantify and validate early structuralist perspectives in psychology, early functionalists were hard at work developing theories that were more qualitative in nature. Although not directly associated with the functionalism movement, Sigmund Freud,Read MoreThe Impact Of Applied And Behaviorist Psychology On The Field Of Psychology1327 Words   |  6 Pageswas prepared for better objectivity. In 1910, he stated that it is possible that the term consciousness would more than likely vanish from psychology, even more than the term soul had vanished (p. 209). The most significant impact on the field of psychology was the explication of consciousness and its functions. During the early 20th century, psychology began to changed dramatically; Therefore, consciousness had become one of the most essential problems in the history of modern psychology. In additionRead MoreConsciousness and Philosophers of the Mind1431 Words   |  6 PagesConsciousness and Philosophers of Mind Consciousness is a word used by philosophers, to signify that immediate knowledge which we have of our present thoughts and purposes, and, in general of all the operations of our mind†¦ [and] if I am asked to prove that I cannot be deceived by consciousness to prove that it is not a fallacious sense I can find no proof†¦ (Thomas Reid, referenced by Lehrer, 2008). Introduction There are many features of consciousness that philosophers of the mind discussRead MoreStream of Consciousness Novel1102 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development of the ‘Stream-of-Consciousness’ Technique in Modernist English Fiction (with Special Reference to the Contributions of James Joyce and Virginia Woolf) Arpan Adhikary The term ‘stream of consciousness’ as applied in literary criticism to designate a particular mode of prose narrative was first coined by philosopher William James in his book Principles of Psychology (1890) to describe the uninterrupted flow of perceptions, memories and thoughts in active human psyche. As a literaryRead More Transcending Evolution: The Human Consciousness, or The Soul1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe Human Consciousness, or The Soul In 1838 Charles Darwin wrote in his journal Man in his arrogance thinks himself a great work worthy the interposition of a deity. More humble and I think truer to consider him created from animals. (Rachels, 1990) Daniel C. Dennett refers to Darwins theory of evolution as a universal acid, a theory so powerful it seeps through every traditional concept and leaves behind a revolutionized world-view, resulting not only in a fundamental shift in the way inRead MoreEssay on Understanding Consciousness1728 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding Consciousness This paper encompasses an analysis of physiological psychology, the relationship between the human nervous system and behavior, and an evaluation of historical figures in the field of physiological psychology The Biopsychological Approach to Understanding Consciousness The process of understanding awareness can be complex. Understanding that there are different spectrums of consciousness and that each type represents different principles is the best approach to understandingRead MoreFreud, Adler and Jung: Founders of Psychoanalytic Research Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pageshe is the first to have come up with an albeit rudimentary, but nevertheless valuable model of the human psyche. Prior to his groundbreaking work, the nature of human consciousness was largely debated and theorized by medical doctors and theologians. Then there is Adler, (who was the first to have suggested the societal impact on emotions and thought processes and vice-versa, arguing that consciousness and culture have what could be termed as a symbiotic relationship. He emphasized, too, the importanceRead More The Development of Psychology Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development of Psychology Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and the mind. This definition implies three things. The first is that psychology is a science, a field that can be studied through objective methods of observation and experimentation. The second is that it is the study of behavior, animal activity that can be observed and measured. And the third is that it is the study of the mind, the conscious and unconscious mental states that cannot be seen but inferredRead MoreComparing the Unconscious and Consciousness Essay1689 Words   |  7 PagesComparing the Unconscious and Consciousness Consciousness and unconscious are two psychological terms that are commonly used in this field of study. Their importances mainly appear when psychologists deal with their patients because they will surely think about these two terms. To understand these two terms we must know their definitions. This step can enable us to recognize the difference between them. Consciousness is a psychological condition defined by the English philosopher

Mainstream Media Evolution

Question: Discuss about the Mainstream Media Evolution. Answer: The role of Public Sphere The public discourse is dominated by the open exchanges of political, cultural, social opinions and philosophies. These are similar to the ones happening in ancient Greece and the town halls in the colonial period. This thus translates into the American fabric of citizen participation and can be linked to democracy where the denizens participate in all public affairs. The American citizenry is dedicated to the American ideal to building opinions for public affairs for a sustainable and healthy democracy (Tocqueville 1990). This will lead to an added self-interest and significant increase of self-respect in the community (Tocqueville 1990). There has been insistence by researchers to delve into the matters of inquiry and communication as a basis for a civilized society, this has highlighted a number of debates over all these years (Dewey 2000). In this case public relates to everything that is out in the public domain that includes nationality, unity, and information that is not private, yet it is accessible and observable by all. America goes Digital In the first couple of months of 2009, the shift of the US consumer base moved towards digital television. The US government has already brought about such legislations since the early 90s. The government mandated changes in the manufacturing process, thus the manufacturers introduced tuners with the new TV sets. The manufacturers have thus been phasing out the analog systems and bringing in the digital systems. There have been several changes apart from the ones mentioned above that have led to the transition from normal color television to digital television. The manufacturers used proactive advertisement campaigns to create a change in consumer mindset. When we look at the numbers as of 2008 there are more than 20 million U.S households that used non-digital sets. However watchdogs, announcers and producers have made a large number of crucial judgments regarding the future of digital TV and high-tech solutions for numerous consumers. As far as early adopters in this market is concerned these consumers are rightly addressed as conformist users. Owning technology gives them a satisfaction that makes them purchase the new television set or a digital tuner card. Such consumers also buy satellite television for the same reason. The government supported this transition at a number of levels, they have subsidized this through the NTIA which is the National Telecommunication and Information Administration. These subsidies led to an addition of $2 billion on the exchequer (Ramasubramanian 2015) Then came the Act of Telecommunications in the year 1996, specifically authorized the changeover as discussed above. Electronics companies were in a complete stronghold to upturn revenue through digital TV receiver deals. This change made the market highly competitive and there were intensive price wars amongst the cable operators to attract a wider consumer base. Consumers have been wooed by showcasing that digital television will bring clearer and better picture. The new Information Age and Beyond In this era of WikiLeaks and Snowden, Media and journalism has become largely revolutionary. There is a greater information access, the social media has made secrecy a thing of the past. There have been several researchers on the influence of internet and particularly World Wide Web has made a pathway for consumer orientation to change from information to community building and networking. This has been a major change that Web 2.0 has brought up. Mainstream media is actually the fourth arm of the federal government. The transformation brought about by Web 2.0 has brought up new platforms like LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube. These platforms has led to several forms of political and social expressions (Bowen 1996). This has helped a more informed voter base for healthy democracy. The internet users can now easily find voting records of representatives with a single click. They can also track the Supreme Court verdicts (Bowen 1996). Source: statista This socialization has led to development of special interests groups and campaigns run for common causes to co-ordinate in a better manner (Guerrero and Mrquez-Ramrez 2014). In the year 1996, Decision Maker, a software program developed by Marcel Bullinga has led to the transformation of the debates in presidential elections. This program launched the first online debates in Netherlands and gradually this platform moved in the worlds oldest democracy. This platform involved political representatives, action groups and other non-governmental representatives. The researchers noticed a traction in the forum when political parties from various clouts were involved (Lisa 2005). Thus political discourse can also be made online and can impact the entire political course of development before the elections. Though the span of internet in those days was restricted to the elites hence discussions did not include the common class of people which is essential for the sustenance of democracy. However the speared on internet in the early 2000s has led to a widespread discourse of political and social issues that have reached every nook and corner of the United States. Reel to Real: Documentaries and Films The creative side of media is reflected in film and documentary making. In the US Netflix has revolutionized the way films are viewed across the globe. In the United States there has been a recent upsurge in creating documentary films based on real time events. The reason they have gained traction is due to their depiction of reality rather than the rosy picture a movie presents. This is the reason why documentaries like Inside Job received worldwide acclaim (Streitmatter 2015). This even ended up highly accredited movies like The Big Short which changed the way Wall Street was viewed across the globe. Hence digital coverage and platforms like Netflix have made movie creators and distributors make movies that arouse public interest. Social Media: The Delivery of News, the Sharing of Ideas, the Expression of Opinions Social Media has become a powerful platform for ideation and expression. The way any idea spreads across the globe has led to the formation of a viral marketing channel for a number of companies. This spread cannot be blocked by any company or organization (Haboush, Warren and Benuto 2012). When a person logs into a social media platform and expresses an opinion or an idea, this expression is bound to reach the world in a number of ways. These days news has been interwoven. The example in this context is online new portals of various channels having a page on Facebook or Twitter to stay connected and deliver information (Christakis 2014) The proliferation of Social Media Platforms Source: NYTimes.com Let us look at the real life examples to explain this phenomenon, the recent hurricanes in the west coast like Katrina, Andrew etc. generated a lot of interest even in the east coast and as far wide as Alaska. This resulted in civil authorities and common people reaching out to help people in need. The coverage of the Iraq War or the capture of Osama led to far greater impact to lead to a public outcry of the situation. The Bush Administration was penalized for the same. The government cannot control the proliferation of information and images which the world was watching is real time. Other global examples are the coverage of lost Malaysian Airlines flight 370 generated public interest from as far as California is the far west. When the earthquake in Haiti created media attention across the globe. Social Media sites were abuzz with the news of the calamity. Analytics: Media and Change in consumer behavior Media has changed the way society has thought over issues in the past and will continue shaping future perspectives. Society is thus on the threshold of a new gradient altogether, there will be immense changes in the way society will operate. Even if there are radical ideas and opinions people will be able to share them. Also people from across geographies will be able to communicate and express in ways unknown to mankind right now. Officials and politicians will find it extremely difficult to keep secrets and silence any opinion against them (Havens 2013). The digital revolution has thus reshaped the way media and news reporting function. These changes have thus become radical to shape the society. Since this digital revolution there has been a change in media industry due to fall in advertising revenue. There has been a rise on competition among broadcasters (Gentile 2016) There is a trend of shift from traditional advertising to mobile advertising and these advertising platforms are giving the traditional media outlets a run for their money. With improvement in the economy the overall share of revenue in advertising and media is set to grow and companies especially in the digital space are benefitting from it. Researchers feel that the news and media business is set to enter an innovative stage of its development. There will be increased cash flows from certain portions that will drive growth. This change will be driven by an exponential user base growth and the change in platform from traditional to digital. Also the usage of mobility as a platform has further revolutionized the advertising industry (Pickard 2013). Jacob Jones a leading advertising consultant noted quite a few years ago that there is a need to look at the dynamics of the movement generated by Facebook (FB) due to change from desktop based website to app based mobile service but that question has been emphatically answered by the increase of user base for FB. Conclusion Even if there are radical ideas and opinions people will be able to share them. Also people from across geographies will be able to communicate and express in ways unknown to mankind right now. Officials and politicians will find it extremely difficult to keep secrets and silence any opinion against them. Media in America has been the fourth rung of governance, hence this essay has tried to highlight the influence media gained and lost over the past century. There are thus salient changes in the industry and have had tremendous significances for the public domain (Leavitt, Covarrubias, Perez and Fryberg 2015). Also, this report has tried to look at the historical perspective based on comparative analysis of studies. It has tried to highlight the changes in American democratic system with the advances in media (Kottak 2016) This report also talks about how reporting has changed all these years with the inclusion of digital reporting. This report will now like to conclude on how the fragmentation of media has led to more protection of general public rather than causing trouble. There are examples that talk about the corporate control over media and that leads to bias and unfair coverage of news items, which are the pitfalls of this fragmentation. Even though all these issues exist media will always continue to become a pillar of strength for democracy to function smoothly. It ensures one of the basic freedom i.e. the Freedom of Speech and Expression which is guaranteed by the constitution. References Bowen, J.A., 1996. Foreign news in American media.Journal of Communication,27(1), pp.46-51. Lisa, M., 2005. 'I'm straight, but I kissed a girl': The trouble with American media representations of female-female sexuality.Feminism Psychology,15(1)), pp.104-110. Tocqueville, E., 1990.Split vision: The portrayal of Arabs in the American media. Middle East Policy Council. Gentile, D.A., 2016. The Evolution of Scientific Skepticism in the Media Violence Debate.Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Dewey, D.C., 2000. Commercialism and professionalism in the American news media.Mass media and society,3, pp.243-262. Leavitt, P.A., Covarrubias, R., Perez, Y.A. and Fryberg, S.A., 2015. Frozen in Time: The Impact of Native American Media Representations on Identity and Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Understanding.Journal of Social Issues,71(1), pp.39-53. Streitmatter, R., 2015.Mightier than the sword: How the news media have shaped American history. Westview Press. Ramasubramanian, S., 2015. Using celebrity news stories to effectively reduce racial/ethnic prejudice.Journal of Social Issues,71(1), pp.123-138. Sage, G.H. and Eitzen, D.S., 2013.Sociology of North American sport. Paradigm Publishers. Havens, T., 2013.Black television travels: African American media around the globe. NYU Press. Guerrero, M.A. and Mrquez-Ramrez, M. 2014.Media systems and communication policies in Latin America. Springer. Pickard, V., 2013. Social democracy or corporate libertarianism? Conflicting media policy narratives in the wake of market failure.Communication Theory,23(4), pp.336-355. Haboush, A., Warren, C.S. and Benuto, L., 2012. Beauty, ethnicity, and age: Does internalization of mainstream media ideals influence attitudes towards older adults?.Sex roles,66(9-10), pp.668-676. Christakis, D.A., 2014. Interactive media use at younger than the age of 2 years: time to rethink the American Academy of Pediatrics guideline?.JAMA pediatrics,168(5), pp.399-400. Kottak, C.P., 2016.Prime-time society: An anthropological analysis of television and culture. Routledge.